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Richard Murdoch Montgomery
Department of Neurology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
Publications
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Review Article
Bipolar Disorder: A Comprehensive Review of Genetics, Causal Hypotheses, Clinical Signs, Evolution, Biomarkers and Treatment Options
Author(s): Richard Murdoch Montgomery*
Bipolar Disorder (BD) is a complex mental health condition characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression. This review provides a comprehensive overview of BD, focusing on its genetics, causal hypotheses, clinical signs and evolution, potential biomarkers with an emphasis on Electroencephalography (EEG) and treatment options. Genetic studies have identified several susceptibility genes and polygenic risk scores, highlighting the heritable nature of BD. Various causal hypotheses, including monoamine dysregulation, kindling, circadian rhythm disruptions and neuroinflammation, have been proposed to explain its pathophysiology. The clinical course of BD is characterized by recurrent episodes of mania/hypomania and depression, with significant heterogeneity among individuals. EEG and other biomarkers hold potential for improving diagnosis, predicting treatment re.. View more»