Journal of Tropical Diseases & Public Health

HIV/AIDS

• HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): A virus that attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), weakening the immune response over time.
• AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): The most severe phase of HIV infection, characterized by a significantly weakened immune system, leading to opportunistic infections and certain cancers.

Transmission

HIV is primarily transmitted through:

• Unprotected sexual contact: Vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an infected person.
• Sharing needles: Among people who inject drugs.
• Mother-to-child transmission: During childbirth or breastfeeding.
• Blood transfusions: Although rare in countries with rigorous blood screening.

Symptoms

• Acute HIV Infection: Flu-like symptoms may occur within 2-4 weeks of exposure (fever, chills, rash, night sweats, muscle aches, fatigue).
• Chronic HIV Infection: Can be asymptomatic for years, but the virus continues to damage the immune system.
• AIDS: Symptoms can include rapid weight loss, recurring fever, extreme fatigue, prolonged swelling of the lymph nodes, and opportunistic infections.

Diagnosis

• HIV Testing: Includes antibody tests, antigen/antibody tests, and nucleic acid tests (NAT).
• CD4 Count: Measures immune system health. A count below 200 cells/mm³ indicates AIDS.

Prevention

• Safe Sex Practices: Using condoms consistently and correctly.
• Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): Medication for high-risk individuals to prevent HIV infection.
• Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP): Emergency medication taken within 72 hours after potential exposure.
• Needle Exchange Programs: Reducing risk among people who inject drugs.
• Regular Testing: Early diagnosis and treatment for those at risk.

Treatment

• Antiretroviral Therapy (ART): A combination of HIV medicines taken daily to manage the virus, maintain immune function, and prevent progression to AIDS.
• Viral Load Suppression: Effective ART can reduce the viral load to undetectable levels, greatly reducing the risk of transmission (U=U: Undetectable = Untransmittable).

Public Health Implications

• Global Health Challenge: HIV/AIDS remains a major global public health issue, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.
• Stigma and Discrimination: Social stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS affects testing, treatment, and care.
• Access to Care: Ensuring equitable access to testing, treatment, and prevention services is critical.

Education and Awareness: Programs aimed at increasing knowledge about HIV/AIDS, reducing stigma, and promoting safe practices.