The Fractal-like Complexity of Heart Rate Variability beyond Neurotransmitters and Autonomic Receptors: Signaling Intrinsic to Sinoatrial Node Pacemaker Cells

Yael Yaniv^1*, Alexey E Lyashkov² and Edward G Lakatta^1*

¹Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, Biomedical Research Center, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, E-mail: yanivy@nia.nih.gov

²Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, E-mail: yanivy@nia.nih.gov