Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development

Sustainability Challenges and Innovations in Southeast Asian Aquaculture

Gal Heng^* Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Technology, Dalian, China
^*Correspondence: Gal Heng, Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Technology, Dalian, China, Email:

Received: 16-Aug-2023, Manuscript No. JARD-23-23223; Editor assigned: 18-Aug-2023, Pre QC No. JARD-23-23223 (PQ); Reviewed: 01-Sep-2023, QC No. JARD-23-23223; Revised: 08-Sep-2023, Manuscript No. JARD-23-23223 (R); Published: 15-Sep-2023, DOI: 10.35248/2155-9546.23.14.801

Description

Southeast Asia is a global hub for aquaculture, producing a wide variety of aquatic organisms that feed local populations and contribute significantly to international seafood markets. With its diverse ecosystems, favorable climate, and a rich tradition of aquaculture, this region has evolved into a vital player in the global aquaculture industry [1-4]. The region cultivates a wide array of aquatic species, including shrimp, tilapia, catfish, pangasius, carp, and mollusks like mussels and clams. The selection of species is often influenced by local demand, environmental conditions, and market dynamics. Aquaculture systems in Southeast Asia are equally diverse, including ponds, cages, pens, and rice-fish systems. Integrated farming, where aquaculture is combined with rice cultivation or other crops, is also common. Many Southeast Asian countries, such as Vietnam, Thailand, and Indonesia, are major exporters of aquaculture products, particularly shrimp and pangasius. These exports contribute significantly to the global seafood market [5-7]. Southeast Asia is a powerhouse in aquaculture production. In 2020, the region accounted for approximately 60% of global aquaculture production, with China being the largest contributor. Shrimp farming is a dominant sector in the region, particularly in countries like Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia. These nations are key players in the global shrimp market. Rapid expansion has brought environmental challenges. Issues such as disease outbreaks, water pollution, mangrove destruction, and the use of antibiotics have raised sustainability concerns. Disease outbreaks can cause significant losses [8-10]. The industry is increasingly adopting biosecurity measures, improving breeding practices, and exploring disease-resistant strains. Mangrove destruction and water pollution are pressing concerns. Innovations like recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) and responsible land use practices are being promoted to reduce environmental impacts. Ensuring product quality and safety for exports is essential. Traceability systems and certification programs like the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) are being embraced to meet international standards. Sustainable feed ingredients are a focus area. Research is underway to reduce reliance on fishmeal and fish oil by incorporating alternative protein sources like insects and algae. The region's exports provide a consistent supply of seafood to international markets, meeting global demand. Aquaculture products serve as critical sources of protein for local populations, helping to alleviate hunger and malnutrition. The industry provides employment and income opportunities, particularly in rural areas, contributing to poverty reduction. By producing farmed fish, Southeast Asian aquaculture helps reduce pressure on wild fish stocks and supports marine biodiversity conservation. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) facilities, which recycle and treat water within closed systems, are gaining traction. They reduce water usage, minimize environmental impact, and improve disease control. Research institutions and aquaculture companies are investing in selective breeding programs to develop disease-resistant and more productive aquatic species. To reduce reliance on wild fish for feed, the industry is exploring alternative protein sources such as insects, microalgae, and singlecell proteins. Combining aquaculture with agriculture, such as rice-fish or shrimp-rice systems, optimizes land use and resource utilization. There is a growing emphasis on sustainability, with greater adoption of eco-certifications, responsible land use, and conservation efforts. Technology, including AI, IoT, and big data, is being incorporated to enhance monitoring, management, and efficiency. As climate change impacts become more pronounced, the industry will focus on building resilience and adaptation strategies. Governments, the private sector, and civil society are collaborating to address common challenges and promote sustainable practices.

Conclusion

Southeast Asian aquaculture is a dynamic and influential force in the global seafood industry. Its diverse range of species, systems, and innovations has helped meet the world's growing demand for seafood while creating economic opportunities for millions. However, sustainability challenges require continuous efforts to ensure responsible growth. With a commitment to innovation, environmental stewardship, and responsible practices, Southeast Asian aquaculture can continue to nourish both the region and the world.

References

1. Xu C, Su G, Zhao K, Kong X, Wang H, Xu X, et al. Societal benefits and environmental performance of Chinese aquaculture. J Clean Prod. 2023;422:138645.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

2. Egea-Corbacho A, Martín-García AP, Franco AA, Albendín G, Arellano JM, Rodríguez-Barroso R, et al. Microplastic in industrial aquaculture: Occurrence in the aquatic environment, feed and organisms (Dicentrarchus labrax). Sci Total Environ. 2023;904:166774.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]

3. Bjorndal T, Dey M, Tusvik A. Economic analysis of the contributions of aquaculture to future food security. Aquaculture. 2023,9:740071.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

4. Miao C, Zhang J, Jin R, Li T, Zhao Y, Shen M. Microplastics in aquaculture systems: Occurrence, ecological threats and control strategies. Chemosphere. 2023:139924.

   [Google Scholar] [PubMed]

5. Cai J, Chan HL, Yan X, Leung P. A global assessment of species diversification in aquaculture. Aquaculture. 2023, 739837.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

6. Zulbainarni N, Haj MH. Sustainability level of the pearl lobster (Panulirus ornatus) aquaculture business using the systems of floating-net cage and fixed-net cage: A case study in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Aquaculture and Fisheries. 2023.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

7. Vasquez-Mejia CM, Shrivastava S, Gudjónsdóttir M, Manzardo A, Ögmundarson Ó. Current status and future research needs on the quantitative water use of finfish aquaculture using life cycle assessment: A systematic literature review. J Clean Prod. 2023,139009.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

8. Saha CK. Governing sociocultural sustainability through standards: Evidence from aquaculture eco-certification schemes. Aquaculture. 2024;578:740011.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

9. Afewerki S, Osmundsen T, Olsen MS, Størkersen K, Misund A, Thorvaldsen T. Innovation policy in the Norwegian aquaculture industry: Reshaping aquaculture production innovation networks. Mar Policy. 2023;152:105624.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

10. Zheng T, Wang P, Hu B, Wang X, Ma J, Liu C, et al. Gross yield driving the mass fluxes of fishery drugs: Evidence of occurrence from full aquaculture cycle in lower Yangtze River Basin. Science of the Total Environment. 2023;903:166581.

    [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]