Journal of Surgery and Anesthesia

Surgical Management of Hyperthyroidism

Yoon Cho^* Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
^*Correspondence: Yoon Cho, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea, Email:

Received: 17-Sep-2021 Published: 08-Oct-2021, DOI: 10.35248/2684-1606.21.5.157

Description

Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid releases high levels of thyroid hormone into the body which is also called overactive thyroid. This condition can make your metabolism speed up which results in rapid heartbeat, weight loss, increased appetite, and anxiety. These hormones affect almost every part of your body and control your body’s most important functions like they affect your breathing, heart rate, weight, digestion, and moods. If hyperthyroidism is left untreated, it may cause serious problems with your heart, bones, muscles, menstrual cycle, and fertility although the elderly often experience no symptoms. Untreated hyperthyroidism may results in health problems for the mother and baby during pregnancy. The thyroid is a small gland in your neck that creates thyroid hormones. The overproduction of a hormone by the butterfly-shaped gland within the neck (thyroid). Treatment for Hyperthyroidism is medication, radioactive iodine and even sometimes it requires surgery and this treatment consists of both symptomatic relief and decreasing the production of thyroid hormone. Hyperthyroidism may result in neither the excess synthesis nor secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid glands themselves. The major use of surgery as definitive therapy for hyperthyroidism may vary from patient to patient within the cause of disease and the characteristics of the patient and it is characterized by the signs and symptoms of hyper-metabolism and excess sympathetic nervous system activity. The overall prevalence of hyperthyroidism is 27 per 1000 in women and 203 per 1000 in men.

Excess thyroid hormone is distinguished from thyrotoxicosis which comes from other sources, such as excess thyroid hormone ingestion, struma ovarii, and functional metastatic thyroid carcinoma. Blood supply to the thyroid has derived from two arteries, the superior thyroid artery is a branch of the external carotid artery and the inferior thyroid artery is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk that itself is a branch of the subclavian artery. The main venous supply through the middle thyroid vein directly into the internal jugular vein and the other venous includes the paired superior thyroid veins and a plexus of veins draining from the inferior poles of the thyroid glands and the lymphatic supply is a local lymph node situated within the central neck compartment and subsequently to cervical nodes. The thyroid gland is connected by an isthmus with the help of two lobes which are situated from the anterolateral to the trachea and cricothyroid muscle. These thyroid glands themselves have a bi-lobed shape with a weight of 15 kg-25 kg depending upon age and gender and they may occur up to 50% of individuals and further classified according to their connection to the thyroid.

Hyperthyroidism can cause other health problems which even make it difficult for your doctor to diagnose. It can result in a wide variety of signs and symptoms, including Nervousness, anxiety, and irritability, Changes in menstrual patterns, Skin thinning, Difficulty in sleeping, irregular heartbeat, Unintentional weight loss, even when your appetite and food intake stay the same or increase and Sweating. Risk factors for hyperthyroidism may include family history i.e., women who are having thyroid, there is a higher risk of not getting pregnant and a personal history of certain chronic illnesses, such as type 1 diabetes, pernicious anemia, and primary adrenal insufficiency Hyperthyroidism can cause several health conditions like Graves' disease, Plummer's disease, and thyroiditis.