Journal of Clinical and Medical Sciences

Science-Related Implications of DNA Databases for Criminal Investigation

Sherwin Conan^* Department of Forensic Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R. China
^*Correspondence: Sherwin Conan, Department of Forensic Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, P.R. China, Email:

Received: 02-Jan-2023, Manuscript No. JCMS-23- 19816; Editor assigned: 05-Jan-2023, Pre QC No. JCMS-23- 19816(PQ); Reviewed: 18-Jan-2023, QC No. JCMS-23- 19816; Revised: 24-Jan-2023, Manuscript No. JCMS-23- 19816(R); Published: 02-Feb-2023, DOI: 10.35248/2593-9947.23.7.207

Description

The kind and origin of the human fluids found at a crime scene may be essential information for crime scene reconstruction by establishing a link between sample donors and actual criminal activity. Other types of body fluid identification methods have been developed since more than a century ago, including chemical testing, immunological testing, and the bodily fluid samples were collected using sterile cotton swabs, dried, and kept at room temperature. Without using anticoagulants, blood was taken via venipuncture, and 50 l aliquots were spotted onto sterile cotton swabs. Using sterile cotton swabs, menstrual blood and semen-free vaginal secretions were extracted from the vagina and allowed to air dry at room temperature. Freshly ejaculated semen samples were provided in sealed plastic cups, and they were dried onto sterile cotton swabs.

Many RNA markers and tDMRs (Tissue-Specific Differentially Methylated Regions), which are specific to forensically significant body fluids, have had their specificities and sensitivities tested using a range of samples. We provide a comprehensive overview of the state of knowledge and the most recent developments in forensic bodily fluid detection and describe how they can be used in present forensic cases and tests of protein catalytic activity, spectroscopic methods, and microscopy. However, these conventional methods, which are mostly dependent on assumptions, can only identify one body fluid at a time. Therefore, it has recently been proposed that RNA profiles or DNA methylation detection using a molecular genetics-based methodology should take the role of conventional body fluid identification methods. One of the most important pieces of evidence, in the opinion of forensic investigators, is body fluid traces.

They are brimming with priceless DNA proof that can be used to identify a suspect, a victim, or to clear an innocent person. The first step in identifying a bodily fluid is vital because its makeup can be very instructional to the investigation. The damaging nature of a screening test must also be considered when only a little amount of material is available. The capacity to define an unexplained stain immediately at the site of the crime without having to wait for laboratory results is another significant development in forensic body fluid analysis. It's crucial to identify the source of any body fluids that have been left behind at a crime scene in order to reconstruct the scene. Traditional serology-based approaches for identifying body fluids, however, have a number of limitations, including the need for numerous samples, time-consuming labor, and varied degrees of sensitivity and specificity.

Numerous Messenger RNA (mRNA) markers express differently in different tissues, and under controlled conditions, their patterns of expression can accurately distinguish between different physiological fluids even after a long time. However, humidity, heat, UV light, and common ribonucleases have a detrimental impact on mRNA stability, a specific and sensitive biomarker for forensic applications. Due to their importance for forensic applications, body fluid identification techniques have experienced significant progress in recent years. A careful investigation of these new discoveries is necessary in order for forensic investigators to continuously learn about new developments and potentially superior techniques. The developments of novel light detectors and considerable advances in laser technology over the past ten years have greatly enhanced spectroscopic methods for molecular characterization.

This state-of-the-art bio spectroscopy is being used in forensic investigations, which opens up new and exciting opportunities for developing non-destructive, confirmatory procedures for body fluid identification at crime scenes that may be used immediately. Additionally, bio spectroscopy methods are often applicable to all body fluids, in contrast to most current processes that are only valid for a limited range of fluids. It looks at the methods used today to differentiate between body fluid stains such blood, semen, saliva, vaginal fluid, urine, and sweat. It also emphasizes novel techniques that have surfaced in the previous five to six years. Potential for rapid, confirming, nondestructive identification of a body fluid at a crime scene.

In forensic casework, it is required to confirm the DNA's origins as well as identify the DNA profile in order to ascertain the criminal nature of an incident, particularly in cases of sexual assault and child sexual abuse. One of the problems the forensic community is dealing with is how to swiftly and precisely identify body fluids while employing a trustworthy biomarker. Traditional serology-based methods for identifying body fluids are susceptible to a number of limitations, including sample consumption, laborious work, time consumption, varying levels of sensitivity, and a lack of conclusive testing for the presence of menstrual blood.