Journal of Biomolecular Research & Therapeutics

Nano Medicine Implications and Biomolecular Corona Interactions with Cell Receptors

Alfierie Dante^* Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
^*Correspondence: Alfierie Dante, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy, Email:

Received: 02-Aug-2022, Manuscript No. BOM-22-18008; Editor assigned: 05-Aug-2022, Pre QC No. BOM-22-18008(PQ); Reviewed: 19-Aug-2022, QC No. BOM-22-18008; Revised: 26-Aug-2022, Manuscript No. BOM-22-18008(R); Published: 02-Sep-2022, DOI: 10.35248/2167-7956.22.11.228

Description

In a variety of therapeutic and diagnostic applications, nanoparticles are promising tools for Nano medicine. However, only a small number of Nano medicines reached the clinics despite advancements in the biological applications of nanomaterials. One of the difficulties in successfully targeting Nano medicines has been identified as the creation of the biomolecular corona on nanoparticle surfaces. The ensuing biological interactions of Nano medicines with cells are significantly impacted by this adsorbed protein layer because it can conceal targeted and generate a new biological identity. The properties of this layer of biomolecules and their implications for the results of nanomedicine at the cell and organism levels have been the subject of extensive research, but many elements are still not fully understood. How the biomolecular corona interacts with the cellular machinery is one area that still needs more understanding. This review's attention is specifically drawn to the knowledge on how the biomolecular corona interacts with cell receptors in this setting. It describes the most recent methods and developments for defining and locating biomolecular corona-receptor interactions. Additionally we demonstrate how the understanding of corona-cell receptor interactions may be used to find brand-new receptors for Nano carrier targeting. Finally, we offer an assessment of potential future developments in the area to round off our evaluation. The successful design of nanomedicines for targeted administration would benefit from a better understanding of the initial interactions of nanomaterials with cells, particularly the receptors engaging with the biomolecular corona and implicated in nanoparticle uptake.

Nano scale materials have become effective tools in numerous application domains over the past few decades including nanomedicine where they are employed for both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Particularly, the ability of nanomedicines to deliver cancer therapies has been extensively used. Nano-sized drug carriers can be used to passively target tumor tissue because of their size, which is known as the increased penetration and retention effect. By functionalizing their surface with targeting moieties they can also be employed for active targeting to go to the tumor. However due to the fact that many nanomedicines created for passive or active targeting have had varying degrees of success and that only a small number of them, mostly passively targeted the effectiveness of EPR and the targeting efficiency of nanoparticles are currently being questioned. It is acknowledged that increasing our knowledge of these things' cellular and molecular behavior is essential for enhancing their clinical efficacy.

Due to certain physicochemical qualities, nanoparticles have distinctive properties that set them apart from their bulk counterparts. For instance, nanoparticles are highly reactive due to their high surface free energy and enormous surface area to volume ratio. Consequently, when exposed to a biological environment, pure nanoparticles won't maintain a bare surface. In fact, once nanoparticles come into contact with a biological fluid, proteins and other biomolecules will adsorb on the nanoparticle surface, generating the so-called "biomolecular corona," unless they are carefully designed to avoid it. It is well recognized that the development of this layer has significant implications on the biological outcomes of nanoparticles, including the interactions with cells that follow, biodistribution, and immune response.

The complicated and important role of the biomolecular corona in the nanoparticles and its effect on targeting effectiveness have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. In fact, a great deal of research is devoted to comprehending the numerous crucial factors that can affect the effectiveness of targeting nanoparticles such as the complex details of how the targeting ligands are exposed and oriented on the nanoparticle surface and the physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles such as size, shape, charge and elasticity. Along with other aspects of the environment and exposure conditions, such as the type and amount of serum present, the temperature, and the presence of flow and shear stresses, all of these elements are also known to impact corona composition.

It has also been shown that the adsorbed corona layer can be recognized by cell receptors at the cell membrane and that this initial recognition is another critical step that affects the nanoparticles, including their interactions with specific cell types, intracellular and ability to cross biological barriers. Many features of the biomolecular corona's interactions with and "reading" by cells however are still poorly understood. The current design of Nano medicines can be improved and targeting can be accomplished, with a greater understanding of these interactions. It will provide an overview of current knowledge regarding the impact cell receptors have on interactions between nanoparticles and cells, with a focus on how the biomolecular corona interacts with and is recognized by cell receptors. Next, methodologies for characterizing biomolecular corona-receptor interactions will be addressed and corona proteins linked to elevated or decreased uptake of nanoparticles will be identified. We'll also go over how the corona can be used for targeting as well as a tool to find receptors for Nano medicines to be taken up effectively and specifically.