Cardiovascular Pharmacology: Open Access

Myocardial Infarction: A Typical Acute Coronary Syndrome

Asada Levine^* Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Chubu University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
^*Correspondence: Asada Levine, Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Chubu University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan, Email:

Received: 04-Oct-2022, Manuscript No. CPO-22-19139; Editor assigned: 07-Oct-2022, Pre QC No. CPO-22-19139 (PQ); Reviewed: 21-Oct-2022, QC No. CPO-22-19139; Revised: 28-Oct-2022, Manuscript No. CPO-22-19139 (R); Published: 04-Nov-2022, DOI: 10.35248/2329-6607.22.11.314

Description

When blood flow to the coronary artery of the heart is impeded or reduced, the heart muscle is harmed and this condition is known as a myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack. The most frequent symptom is discomfort or pain in the chest, which may spread to the arm, shoulder, back, neck, or jaw. It typically occurs in the centre or left side of the chest and frequently lasts longer than a few minutes. The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn. Fatigue, shortness of breath, nausea, feeling faint, and cold sweats are possible additional signs and symptoms. About 30% of people experience unusual symptoms. Instead of chest pain, women are more likely to experience arm, neck, or fatigue pain. About 5% of people over 75 have had MI without any symptoms in the past. A MI may lead to heart failure, an irregular heartbeat, cardiogenic shock, or cardiac arrest. The main factor causing MIs is coronary artery disease. Risk factors include things like high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, inactivity, obesity, high cholesterol, an unbalanced diet, and binge drinking. The primary mechanism of a MI is typically the total blockage of a coronary artery brought on by the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque. Coronary artery spasms, which can be brought on by cocaine, severe emotional stress, extreme cold, and other things, are less frequently the cause of MIs. Blood tests, coronary angiography, and electrocardiograms are a few of the tests that can be helpful in the diagnosis process. An ECG, which is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart, can confirm a ST elevation MI if it is present. Troponin and creative kinase MB are less frequently used blood tests.

Treatment for MI must be started immediately. Aspirin is a suitable immediate treatment for a suspected MI. While it is possible to use nitroglycerine or opioids to treat chest pain, doing so does not result in better overall results. For those with low oxygen levels or shortness of breath, additional oxygen is advised.

Conclusion

Treatments for a STEMI include thrombolysis, which uses medications to dissolve the blockage, and percutaneous coronary intervention, which involves pushing open the arteries and may involve stenting them. Heparin, a blood thinner, is frequently used to treat people who have non-ST-elevation myocardial infarctions, with PCI being used in addition in high-risk patients. Angioplasty may not be advised in cases of multiple coronary artery blockages and diabetes; instead, coronary artery bypass surgery may be suggested. Following a MI, lifestyle changes are typically advised along with long-term aspirin, beta-blocker, and statin therapy. Around 15.9 million myocardial infarctions occurred globally in 2015. Over 3 million people experienced a ST-elevation MI, and over 4 million experienced an NSTEMI. Men experience STEMI about twice as frequently as women. Every year, MI affects about one million people in the US. There is a 10% chance that someone who has had a STEMI will pass away in the developed world. Global MI rates for a given age have decreased between 1990 and 2010. In 2011, 612,000 hospital stays for MIs cost about $11.5 billion, placing MIs among the top five most expensive conditions for inpatient hospitalizations in the USA.