Modes of Action of Some Recently and Previously Discovered and Used Antimicrobial Agents/Drugs and Molecules: An Overview

Ali WR^1,2, Raza A^1,3, Ahmad W^1,4, Ali MA^1,5, Tawseen HB^1,6, Aslam MF^1,7, Hussain F^1,8, Rauf I^1,9, Akhter I^1,10, Shah HR^1,11 and Irfan JA^1,3*

¹National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan

²Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

³Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

⁴Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan

⁵Department of Biotechnology, Faisalabad Institute of Research Science and Technology (F.I.R.S.T), Pakistan

⁶Atta Ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan

⁷Human Nutrition and Dietetics, National Institute of Food Science and Technology (NIFSAT), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

⁸Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

⁹University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (UIBB), Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

¹⁰Department of Physiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan

¹¹Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan