Gerontology & Geriatric Research

Hyperactivity and Co-Morbidity in Aged People

Mahendra Tripathy^* King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
^*Correspondence: Mahendra Tripathy, King George's Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, Email:

Received: 20-Aug-2021 Published: 10-Sep-2021, DOI: 10.35248/2167-7182.21.10.569

Perspective

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), co-morbidity is believed to be a regular occurrence (ADHD) According to the study, 87% of the afflicted parents of children with ADHD had at least one mental condition, and 56% had at least two. While the clinical significance of mental co-morbidity is recognised in children, it is still debated in adults with ADHD (AADHD). Furthermore, knowledge of the neurological foundations of AADHD co-morbidity is lacking. Despite the fact that numerous longitudinal studies of ADHD children failed to show a higher present or lifetime incidence of mood disorders in early adulthood, they did find higher rates of severe depression. Retrospective studies consistently demonstrate that 35-50% of all AADHD probands experience one or more depressive episodes throughout the course of their lives.

Similarly, numerous longitudinal studies have found that children with ADHD do not appear to have higher lifetime or present rates of anxiety disorders as adults. In contrast to these findings, retrospective clinical investigations found that 40-60% of all people with ADHD have an elevated lifetime incidence of anxiety disorders. In clinic-referred ADHD individuals, there was a higher lifetime co-morbidity of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), agoraphobia, and social phobia. An effect of ADHD on the rate of obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD), social phobia, generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), and multiple anxiety disorders was reported in another AADHD sample, with 51% of adults with ADHD meeting criteria for GAD, 15% for panic disorder, 13for OCD, and 8% for phobias.

The ADHD group had a higher prevalence of drug use disorders than the control group, which was not shown in all longitudinal investigations. Several retrospective investigations found that the frequency of alcohol misuse among individuals with ADHD was two to three times higher than in the general population. Both male and female AADHD patients had a higher lifetime prevalence of alcohol dependency. Other longitudinal investigations were unable to demonstrate the increasing prevalence of any current non-alcoholic drug use disorder (including cannabis). In the majority of people, the prevalence of any current non-alcoholic drug use problem (including cannabis) has grown.

The relationship between ADHD and the whole range of particular personality disorders is unknown. At follow-up, histrionic, antisocial, passive-aggressive, and borderline personality disorders were shown to be co-morbid with childhood ADHD. In a short pilot study of only ten ADHD patients, researchers discovered that individuals in the ADHD group had considerably more personality disorders than those in the control group (4.5 vs. 1.6 diagnoses per participant). In the ADHD group, paranoid, histrionic, borderline, passive-aggressive, and dependent personality disorders were substantially more common. Antisocial personality disorder is the only personality disorder that has been investigated frequently in AHDH (ASPD). When compared to controls, childhood ADHD was linked with higher ASPD co-morbidity (range 12-23% vs. 2-4%) at follow-up in numerous prospective investigations. AADHD and ASPD are co-morbid, according to cross-sectional research. In a group of people who were referred for treatment, there was a 12% co-morbidity of AADHD and ASPD. Males were found to be at greater risk than females, indicating a gender impact. In a sample of individuals with primary alcoholism, 51% of the alcoholics with AADHD met ASPD criteria. The total prevalence of AADHD in male jail prisoners was 45%, but the applicability of such findings in relatively small samples to general AADHD patients has yet to be shown.