Journal of Coastal Zone Management

Coastal Water Management: Authentication of Oceans, Brackish Water, and Fresh Water

Kin Jaxi^{* 1}Deapartment of Coastal Environment, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
^*Correspondence: Kin Jaxi, Deapartment of Coastal Environment, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal, Email:

Received: 06-Jul-2022, Manuscript No. JCZM-22-17686; Editor assigned: 11-Jul-2022, Pre QC No. JCZM-22-17686 (PQ); Reviewed: 25-Jul-2022, QC No. JCZM-22-17686; Revised: 01-Aug-2022, Manuscript No. JCZM-22-17686 (R); Published: 08-Aug-2022, DOI: 10.35248/2473-3350.22.25.514

Description

The availability of recreational activities like swimming, boating, fishing, snorkelling, and diving makes the coasts appealing places to live. In addition to harbouring marine mammals and other marine life, coastal regions can be abundant in minerals and other fuels.

Serious negative effects have been brought on by the extensive occupancy at and expanding migration to the ocean's edge. Infrastructure such as roads, sewers, sewage treatment facilities, bridges, fresh water sources, and solid waste (trash) disposal are becoming more and more necessary as the population grows. The capacity of nature to renew and clean itself has been hampered by rising human activity. As a result, Americans have gradually adopted legislation to direct how the development of the shoreline and management of coastal waters. The ocean itself, brackish waters, and fresh waters are the three main water sources to be considered.

The ocean itself is frequently regarded as the planet's most important environment for supporting life. The majority of the living space on Earth 97% of it by volume is made up of oceans. Both living and nonliving resources abound in the waters. The quality and temperature of the water have a direct impact on a variety of maritime ecosystems, including reefs, beaches, and other places. Coastal regions have additionally been used as the entry and exit points for maritime shipping, which has always been and still is the main form of commercial transportation. Climate regulation is greatly influenced by ocean temperatures and current activity. Many experts have demonstrated that the warming oceans may be a factor in global warming. In addition, rising temperatures might lead to the melting of polar ice, which would boost ocean levels and result in significant floods in densely populated seashore locations.

Huge oil and gas deposits are present in the ground beneath oceans, particularly close to coastal locations. Pressure to commercialise these suboceanic sources of energy rises as easy and sufficient supplies of these hydrocarbons, which are so essential for an energy-intensive economy and society like the United States, become rare. It takes skill to drill, pump, and transport offshore oil and gas reserves to onshore refineries without seriously harming the environment or the marine life. Offshore drilling policies are continually being reviewed at the state and federal levels. Oil businesses, electric power plants, customers who like affordable energy and environmentalists' interests might occasionally conflict. Rivers and the estuaries along their coasts provide brackish water to coastal regions. For a vast diversity of animals and plants, estuaries are crucial environments. Healthy estuaries and other coastal wetlands that frequently serve as animal nurseries benefit turtles, fish, crabs, clams, mussels, and other sea life, including coastal mammals.

In addition to storing water and slowing or stopping it from rushing uncontrollably downstream, which would cause erosion, coastal wetlands and marshes also serve as sponges and filters. Additionally, these wetlands gradually remove sediments and chemical pollutants that would otherwise make their way to the ocean. The quality of coastal habitats is being lowered by development as well as contamination by pesticides and herbicides, industrial pollutants, sewage overflows, and other sources of pollution. For instance, in the 1990s, a sizable region known as the "Dead Zone" was found in the Gulf of Mexico at the Mississippi River's mouth. The Dead Zone poses a concern to recreational and commercial fishing, as well as to tourism, and it threatens fish, shrimp, and other types of commercial seafood.

Fresh groundwater is in danger due to extensive development and construction, and it is particularly vulnerable at sea level. Runoff from parking lots and streets can quickly contaminate streams, springs, and aquifers. The effective management of the Great Lakes, which are included in the United States' coastal zones because of their enormous size, is another concern related to fresh water. Infiltration of sea (salt) water, also referred to as salt-water intrusion, is one of the most critical issues affecting freshwater. The majority of the United States suffers from a fresh water shortage, but coastal regions are particularly vulnerable because of the high demand for fresh water for industrial, domestic, and agricultural applications.