Global Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences

Brief Note on Advancements in Civilization

Bruce Bachan^* Department of History, Griffith University, Hilltop Compound, Canberra, Australia
^*Correspondence: Bruce Bachan, Department of History, Griffith University, Hilltop Compound, Canberra, Australia, Email:

Received: 03-Jan-2022, Manuscript No. GJISS-22-14; Editor assigned: 05-Jan-2022, Pre QC No. GJISS-22-14; Reviewed: 19-Jan-2022, QC No. GJISS-22-14; Revised: 24-Jan-2022, Manuscript No. GJISS-22-14; Published: 31-Jan-2022, DOI: 10.35248/2319-8834/22.11.014

Description

Agriculture made a reasonable change in how people lived together. They began dwelling in larger more organized communities, such as farming villages and towns. From some of these resolutions, cities gradually raised forming the back drop of a more complex way of life civilization. Over the centuries, people settled in stable sections that are agricultural based. Domesticated animals became more common. The origination of new tools hoes, sickles, and plough sticks made the task of farming easier. As people gradually developed the technology to control their natural environment, they received larger harvests. Settlements with a plentiful supply of food could support more population. As the population of some early farming villages extended social relationships became more difficult. The change from a nomadic hunting gathering way of life to settled village life took a long time. Likewise, the change from village life to city life was a gradual procedure that crossed several generations.

Economic changes have been made to cultivate more land and to produce extra crops, ancient people in most of the villages built complex irrigation systems. The resulting food surpluses freed some villagers to pursue other jobs and to develop skills besides farming. Individuals who learned to become craftspeople created valuable new products, such as pottery, metal objects, and woven cloth. In turn, people who became traders profited from a broader range of goods to exchange craftwork, grains and many raw materials. Two important inventions the wheel and the sail also authorized traders to move more goods over longer distances.

With these social changes a more complex and flourishing economy affected the social structure of village life. For example, building and maintaining large irrigation systems required the labor of many people. As other special groups of workers formed, social classes with varying wealth, power and influence began to emerge. A system of social classes would become more clearly defined as cities grew. Religion also became more efficient. During the old stone age, prehistoric people’s religious beliefs centered around nature, animal spirits and reason that which people belive on superstitious beliefs beyond life. During the new stone age, farming people worshiped many gods and goddesses who they believed had power over the rain, wind and other impacts of nature. Early city dwellers developed customs founded on these earlier religious beliefs. As populations grew, common spiritual values became persisting religious traditions.

Most historians believe that one of the first civilizations arose in the city of Sumer. In Mesopotamia, Sumer was located, a region that is part of modern Iraq. A civilization is often defined as a complex procedure with three characteristics advanced cities, specialized workers, advanced technology.

Cities are developed from the first civilizations. A city is more than a large group of people living together based on people living culture. The size of the population alone does not differentiate a village from a city. One of the key differences is that a city is a center of trade for a larger area. Like their modern day counterparts, ancient city residents are depended on trade. Farmers, merchants and traders brought goods to market in the cities. The city dwellers themselves produced a variety of goods for exchange.

As the cities are developing, so the need for more specialized workers, such as traders, government officials, and priests. Food surpluses provided the chances for specialization the development of skills in a specific kind of work. An abundant food supply allowed some people to become professional at jobs besides farming. Some city residents became artisans experienced workers who make goods by hand. Specialization helped artisans develop their work at designing jewelry, fashioning metal tools and weapons or making clothing and pottery. The wide range of crafts artisans produced helped cities become centers of commerce. With improved technology new tools are invented and capabilities are always needed to solve problems that arise when large groups of people live together. In early civilizations, some farmers saddle the powers of animals and nature. For example, they used ox drawn ploughs to turn the soil. They also invented irrigation systems to extension of planting areas.