Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology

An Acute Illness Caused by Staphylococcus aureus: Toxic Shock Syndrome

Goyam Pilari^* Department of Microbiology, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
^*Correspondence: Goyam Pilari, Department of Microbiology, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq, Email:

Received: 15-Aug-2022, Manuscript No. JMBT-22-18287; Editor assigned: 17-Aug-2022, Pre QC No. JMBT-22-18287 (PQ); Reviewed: 31-Aug-2022, QC No. JMBT-22-18287; Revised: 07-Sep-2022, Manuscript No. JMBT-22-18287 (R); Published: 14-Sep-2022, DOI: 10.35248/1948-5948.22.14.518

Description

Staphylococcus aureus toxin production is frequently the cause of toxic shock syndrome, but group A streptococcus toxin production can also contribute to the disease. A rare but dangerous bacterial infection is known as Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS). Low blood pressure, multiple organ failure, and even death can result from STSS very quickly. When bacteria known as group A streptococcus (group A strep) penetrate into deep tissues and the bloodstream, STSS can result. Group A streptococci invasive infections are known to cause the severe consequence known as streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Individuals suffering from streptococcal toxic shock syndrome must be treated as soon as possible, with multidisciplinary care, intensive and appropriate support of failing organs, prompt determination of the infectious source and surgical surgery. Skin and soft tissue are more susceptible to primary infections than other places. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome is more likely to result in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) than staphylococcal TSS, but staphylococcal TSS is less likely to result in a normal cutaneous reaction. Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci (GABHS) infection accompanied by shock and organ failure is referred to as S. pyogenes TSS. Staphylococcus aureus on a person's body does not result in infection. Despite being recorded in both children and adults all over the world, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome is still a rather uncommon condition. While isolated instances are the norm, there have been reports of STSS epidemics and clusters in hospitals, nursing homes, and even families. Most people produce antibodies to fight illness because it's a typical component of their body's bacterial population. S. aureus can spread by coming into direct contact with those who are ill. People who experience TSS typically do not have S. aureus antibodies. Consequently, it's not typically regarded as a contagious infection. Infections with S. aureus can also result from another illness, such as pneumonia, sinusitis, osteomyelitis, or skin wounds like burns or surgical incisions. The bacteria can enter the bloodstream if any of these sites are contaminated.

Symptoms

Among the potential indicators and symptoms of toxic shock syndrome is reduced blood pressure, diarrhea or vomiting, a sunburn-like rash, especially on your hands and soles, headaches, myalgia, and confusion chills, and a decreased liver function.

Diagnosis and Treatment

TSS is diagnosed medically, and the organism is isolated from the immediate infected area or blood cultures. Doctors use antibiotics to treat STSS. Hospitals must provide care for patients with STSS. They frequently require further treatments, such as intravenous fluids, to help alleviate shock and organ failure. Surgery is frequently required in STSS patients to remove contaminated tissue. Based on bacterial toxins, STSS has a pathogenesis. Super antigens are proteins that have the same ability to activate T cells in an excessive and nonspecific manner, leading to the enormous release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other mediators that cause capillary leak and arterial hypotension. Rapid treatment and early diagnosis are essential for reducing this devastating disease's morbidity and mortality. Rapid source control and the prompt start-up of efficient antibiotic therapy are both of the utmost importance. In the event of STSS, ICU admission and the beginning of supportive treatment for a number of malfunctioning organs are typically required. It is extremely uncommon for someone with STSS to infect others. Due to this, physicians typically do not prescribe preventive antibiotics to patients under the age of 65 who are in close contact with someone who has STSS. An illustration of tight interactions would be two people who live together. Given during acute illness, antibiotics may eliminate pathogen foci and stop recurrences. In severe cases of both types of TSS, passive vaccination with IV immune globulin has been beneficial and lasts for weeks, but the illness may not develop active immunity, so recurrences are likely.