Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination

Adverse Immunisation to Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)

Kenneth Tola^* Department of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
^*Correspondence: Kenneth Tola, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia, Email:

Received: 01-Apr-2022, Manuscript No. JVV-22-16642; Editor assigned: 04-Apr-2022, Pre QC No. JVV-22-16642(PQ); Reviewed: 18-Apr-2022, QC No. JVV-22-16642; Revised: 25-Apr-2022, Manuscript No. JVV-22-16642(R); Published: 02-May-2022, DOI: 10.35248/2157-7560.22.S18.004

About the Study

An enterovirus causes poliomyelitis, an acute infectious disease. This virus comes in three variants: types 1, 2, and 3. Each kind can infect humans; there is no cross-immunity, so only those who are immune to one of the three varieties will be protected against all three. The virus enters the body through the mouth or the lungs, multiplying in the pharynx and small intestine. Within 24 hours, it has infiltrated the regional lymph nodes, and after another 24 to 48 hours, it has entered the bloodstream, where it is carried to secondary replication sites in various organs, resulting in viremia.

During the period of viremia, the virus can enter the central nervous system and infect it. Antibodies appear 1 week to 10 days after the initial infection, and viremia then ceases, most likely as a result of antibody neutralisation. Only 1 to 2 percent of infected people develop central nervous system disease, and even fewer have residual paralysis. Nonetheless, the significance of these uncommon consequences is significant because they result in death or lifelong disability.

Jonas Salk developed IPV in 1953, OPV by Koprowski and colleagues (1952), who were the first to use it, and Albert Sabin (1956). In the late 1970s, an enhanced-potency IPV was developed, which is still in use today. In the United States, IPV and the Sabin strains of OPV are currently available for use; however, OPV is the vaccine recommended for general use and the most common. Cutter's vaccine was discovered to cause paralytic disease shortly after IPV was approved for use in 1955. It still had infectious virus in it. The cause was traced back to the method of deactivation. Polio has been declared eradicated in the United States and many developing countries. Outbreaks have occurred in subsets of unvaccinated susceptible individuals on occasion. The possibility of the rare complication of paralytic poliomyelitis in vaccinees and their contacts, particularly those with compromised immunity, has long been a source of concern.

People who have previously experienced severe allergic (anaphylactic) reactions to Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) or who have taken streptomycin, polymyxin B, or neomycin should not receive IPV. IPV contains traces of streptomycin, polymyxin B, and neomycin, and people who are hypersensitive to these antibiotics may also be hypersensitive to IPV. Despite the fact that there is no evidence that the polio vaccine virus harms pregnant women or their foetuses, pregnant women who are not at increased risk should not receive the polio vaccine. However, if a pregnant woman is at increased risk of exposure and requires immediate polio protection, IPV can be administered according to the recommended adult schedules.

IPV is the only vaccine recommended for immunodeficiency people and those living with them. Many immunodeficiency people are immune to polioviruses because they were previously immunised or exposed to wild poliovirus when their immune systems were healthy. They may not fully respond to the vaccine, but it is safe and may offer some protection. As with any medicine, there is a very remote chance of a vaccine causing a severe allergic reaction, other serious injury, or death.