Journal of Nutritional Disorders & Therapy

A Vital Nutrient: Niacin Deficiency and Inflammation in Children

Salinger Ernest^* Department of Clinical Nutrition, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
^*Correspondence: Salinger Ernest, Department of Clinical Nutrition, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Email:

Received: 19-Jan-2023, Manuscript No. JNDT-23-20853; Editor assigned: 20-Jan-2023, Pre QC No. JNDT-23-20853(PQ); Reviewed: 13-Feb-2023, QC No. JNDT-23-20853; Revised: 20-Feb-2023, Manuscript No. JNDT-23-20853(R); Published: 27-Feb-2023, DOI: 10.35248/2161-0509.23.13.229

Description

Niacin, also known as Vitamin B3, is an essential micronutrient that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the body. It can increase NAD⁺, a vital molecule for energy metabolism and cellular health. NAD⁺ deficiency can cause mitochondrial dysfunction and muscle weakness. Niacin supplementation can restore NAD⁺ levels and improve muscle performance in patients with mitochondrial disease. It is also involved in DNA repair, cell signaling, and the maintenance of healthy skin, nerves, and digestive system. Niacin can be obtained from a variety of food sources, including meat, fish, poultry, nuts, seeds, and whole grains. However, despite the availability of niacin in many foods, deficiencies can occur, particularly in adolescent children. It is also known as Pellagra, is a rare condition in developed countries due to the widespread availability of niacin-rich foods and the fortification of processed foods. However, it can still occur in developing countries, where poverty, malnutrition, and limited access to food can contribute to niacin deficiency. In adolescent children, niacin deficiency can be caused by a variety of factors, including poor dietary intake, malabsorption, and increased niacin requirements due to growth and development. One of the symptoms of pellagra is gastrointestinal disturbances, such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and inflammation of the mouth and tongue. Niacin deficiency can be treated with niacin supplements or fortified foods.

The symptoms of niacin deficiency can vary depending on the severity and duration of the deficiency. In mild cases, symptoms may be non-specific and include fatigue, weakness, and irritability. However, in more severe cases, niacin deficiency can lead to a condition called Pellagra, which is characterized by the "3 Ds": Dermatitis, Diarrhea, and Dementia.

Dermatitis is a common symptom of Pellagra, and it is usually the first symptom to appear. It is characterized by a rash that appears on areas of the skin that are exposed to sunlight, such as the face, neck, hands, and feet. The rash is typically red, scaly, and may be accompanied by itching and burning sensations. Diarrhea is another common symptom of Pellagra and is often accompanied by abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The diarrhea can be severe and can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. Dementia is a less common symptom of Pellagra, but it can occur in severe cases. It is characterized by confusion, memory loss, and disorientation. In extreme cases, it can lead to psychosis and delirium.

Preventing niacin deficiency in adolescent children is essential for maintaining their overall health and well-being. The most effective way to prevent niacin deficiency is to ensure an adequate intake of niacin-rich foods in the diet. Niacin can be found in a variety of foods, including meat, fish, poultry, nuts, seeds, and whole grains. It is also available in supplement form, but it is generally recommended to obtain niacin from food sources rather than supplements. In addition to increasing dietary intake, fortification of processed foods with niacin has been successful in reducing the prevalence of niacin deficiency in many countries. For example, in the United States, bread, cereals, and other grain products are fortified with niacin to help prevent deficiencies.

Conclusion

If niacin deficiency is suspected, a healthcare provider will typically conduct a physical exam and order blood tests to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment for niacin deficiency involves increasing dietary intake of niacin-rich foods and/or taking niacin supplements. In cases of severe deficiency or malabsorption, intravenous niacin may be necessary. It is important to note that niacin supplements should only be taken under the guidance of a healthcare provider, as high doses can cause side effects such as flushing, itching, and gastrointestinal disturbances. In rare cases, very high doses of niacin can cause liver damage and should be avoided.