Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology

Editorial on Tomato Crop Pathogen Fusarium oxysporumon

Abera Melese Worku^* Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of General Forester, Debre Tabor University, Ethiopia
^*Correspondence: Abera Melese Worku, Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Department of General Forester, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, P.O. Box 272, Ethiopia, Tel: +251913986518, Email:

Received: 01-Oct-2019 Published: 27-Dec-2019

Introduction

Ethiopia is extensively famous for its agro ecological zone located so that the diverse this fauna land floral variety, and for its financial reliance on top of agriculture. The preponderance of Ethiopians (more or less 85%) live in rustic locale; and agriculture is the chief financial commotion, secretarial for 41% of the nationwide GDP. Small-holder unindustrialized is major and financial records for additional than 90% of farming production [1]. The sources of revenue of the rural population are gravely dependent on ordinary capital, primarily renewable natural possessions, and tree-plant resources.

These tree-plant wealth present a variety of reimbursement, numerous of which cannot be provided by additional type of ground utilize. Tree-plant is starting place of foodstuff, nourish, firewood, building, and manufacturing timber, gums, resins, and medication, and sustain the source of revenue of millions of populace [2].

The plant kingdom is the majority necessary to human being healthy on condition those fundamental individual requirements. Individual recycled plants for the principle of infection have power above and anticipation given that occasion immemorial [3,4]. In close proximity to the beginning human acquire the understanding on the consumption of plant life on behalf of infection anticipation and therapeutic purpose from side to side plentiful years’ knowledge, alerted plantation, and trial and error experiment [5,6]. Such ethno medicinal information involves conventional decision, compilation of raw equipment, homework of remedies and prescription to the patients.

Ethnobotany is the schoolwork of how the community of an exacting traditions and belief formulate utilize of native plants. It financial records for the revision of the association sandwiched between populace and vegetation to make the most use for medicines, provisions, protection, garments, firewood, silage, and other family circle attitude [7]. In Africa, up to 80% of the residents use conventional medicine to be of assistance congregate their physical condition concerned requirements [8]. Traditional medicine of plant starting point is a smaller amount pricey than contemporary medication [9,10]. The present description of therapeutic flora exercise of Ethiopia show that concerning 887 plant class are statement to be make use of in the traditional medicine [11]. Along with these, about 26 species are widespread and they are flattering more and more exceptional and unusual at the edge of extermination.

In Ethiopia, investigation and documentations on medical plants have in progress in current period even if plants worn conventionally as a foundation of medication in view of the fact that time immemorial [2]. Numerous customary remedy are stupendous secreted due to movement of community, urbanization, authority of current tablets and alien culture [2]. A lot of native local community have residential an assortment of conventional system by means of in the neighborhood presented resources for the mitigation of health tribulations [2]. From the commencement of humankind, native communities have in habited there have control of restricted equivocal acquaintance on plant bring into participate direction and protection.

In most property, this long-established compassionate on therapeutic plants passes down from construction to production verbally and level to hammering if not expected [12].

Furthermore, due to environmental modify and ecological perturbations, plant possessions are deteriorating at disturbing velocity, symptomatic of the quick defeat of medical plants and their connected native information. Indigenous information develops as a consequence of person communication with their surroundings. Predictable medical system is, accordingly, shaped by the environmental diversity of the nation condition, socio artistic back position of the contradictory cultural group as well as sequential advancement, which are connected to movement. In Ethiopia, for illustration, preceding revise show the continuation of traditional medical pluralism [13]. Documentation of ethno botanical acquaintance on medicinal plants is indispensable for management and community developments [14].

Ethno-botanical revision are instant and one more instance worth mention in informative in the vicinity significant deposit type in finicky for the uncovering of original drugs [15]. Furthermore, the agro-ecological and enlightening collection of the state, the official recognition of health check plants and linked indigenous information appears shortened [16].

Objective

The objective this review was to assess the significance of traditional medicinal plants for human use in Ethiopian.

Literature Review

Ethno botanical knowledge and its origins

Third International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) World Conservation Congress meditation in the sustainable use and maintenance of therapeutic variety of plants was obvious for the period of 3rd IUCN World Conservation Congress, apprehended in Bangkok, Thailand, in November 2004. A date extensive seminar for the duration of the World Conservation Forum permitted “conserve variety secure medication for the expectations ” feature pertinent employment commence by member of the IUCN, as well as within the IUCN programmers and commission. The events of this seminar are available on the IUCN member and expansion connections were complicated in this seminar.

Manage communications and plentiful supplementary events for the era of the legislative organization, jointly with a seminar on escalating commonplace for sustainable undomesticated collection of medicinal and aromatic plants, sponsored by the German Federal organization for atmosphere safe guard, and discussion group conversation of the approach on the conservation of medicinal under growth, at this illustration life form improve. A movement influence IUCN associate to maintain the amendment of these procedure, subsidize by the administration of India (Ministry of Environment and Forests), Germany and the Canadian Museum of Nature, was adopt by a large majority of the Members Business Assembly [17,18].

Revise strategy on the protection of medical flowers

I wish to show approval the (MPSG) member and supplementary person who read of this in sequence area who include observation on describe and two discrete draft of the amend come near for the phase of a comprehensive conference development which begins in 2003. The 2^nd contemporary of air was dispersed for comments in December 2004 to more than 700 individuals and organization international [15].

Commentaries received are at in attendance being included into a 3rd summary, which will afterward be submitted for endorsement to the four person responsible agency WHO, IUCN, WWF and TRAFFIC. On behalf of IUCN, the MPSG and the flora and fauna buy and advertise programmer are ready to make superior the income required to support finalization and attainment of the procedure, together with from origination to end cramped seminar and adaptation into French, Spanish, Chinese, Arabic and accompanying provincial verbal communication [19].

Ethno botany is amending of the transactions sandwich connecting flora and neighborhood, from side to side a persnickety outcome on conformist ancestral background. According to the World Health Organization with scope reading to 65-80% of the world’s population in on the amplify realm depends essentially on place existence for their most significant healthcare exceptional to deficiency and be underprovided in of accurate of admittance to modern medication [14].

By means of orientation to 80% of the entire residents of Ethiopia is depending on establishes medication to treat miscellaneous type of individual ailment [20]. They employ their consciousness and sympathetic to classify set down diversity indigenously and restricted population over the history era take predictable medication.

Conventional therapeutic put into practice are extensive in Ethiopia in which with reference to 80% of the population in the homeland pass into engage in recreation plant base traditional medicine by indigenous acquaintance as their most important the preponderance imperative physical condition be concerned understanding [21].

Observation the information that most primitive stage, vegetation has been extremely important foundation of in cooperation defensive and healing confirmed medicine arrangements for individual and household animals. Sequential account of conventionally second-hand medical plants symbolize that out of the ordinary medical plants were in use as near the inauguration as 5000 to 4000 BC in China and 1600 BC by Syrians, Babylonians, Hebrews and Egyptians [22]. Significant citizen in sequence proposal, inauguration the good number primordial times, is associated to the make use of habitual medicine in dissimilar country [23]. Confirmations obtain commencement explanation of flora and fauna shows that even chimpanzee make use of a number of plant species for their counteractive value.

Ethno botanical acquaintance is reassigning orally installation expansion to cohort from commencement to end herbalists and well knowledge bleeder. That information chiefly in inhabitant civilization not completely recognized at what time balance to be have international, educational and plant life diversity [2].

History of traditional medicine in Ethiopia

Approximately all and miscellaneous mark able substantiation wide spread that take location in Ethiopia date rotate around to 849 succeeding the exclusion of Abba Yohannes, the skull of the Ethiopian dwelling of adoration. The contamination and absence that go behind was supposed as God ’ s warning for Yohannes’ misdeed. In a worried declaration to Abba Yohannes, the Ethiopian emperor put pen to paper that “ enormous troubles surround move on the method to in the lead our land, and each and every one our gentleman are attractive destroyed of the dangerous illness and all of our personality and livestock have putrefying” [19].

It is unfeasible to directory the confinement of medication in Ethiopia, but unquestionably the improvement of counteractive put into practice exceptionally greatly pursue the alleyway of a disease. Unadventurous medical practitioners consistently put into practice herbs, religious remedial; organize setting and minor surgical measures in treat disease. Ethiopian traditional medicines are greatly complex and miscellaneous and diverge greatly surrounded by different ethnic group. Most traditional medical put into perform in Ethiopia rely on an amplification of disease that draw on both the “mystical” and “natural” base of medical circumstance and put together use of a holistic approach to management [19,21]. Lower than the regulation of Menelik (1865-1913) western medicine become substantially more included into the Ethiopian medicinal system. Frequent medical representative from out of the circumstances, beginning with the Italians and Russians, were influential in construction hospitals, on stipulation that medical teaching and participate in inoculation association. On the supplementary, almost every person health ensure establishment chiefly serve the municipality salve of the harvest and remote off Missionaries and was gritty in the minacity [19,24].

Despite western medicine flattering more extensive in Ethiopia, Ethiopians be inclined to rely accompanying on conventional medication. Conservative medicinal services remain intense in urban area and have unsuccessful to keep pace with the growing inhabitants, festivity fitness care right of entry out of make for a good number Ethiopians livelihood in Ethiopia. Because of traditional medicine is ethnically deep-rooted, accessible, and reasonably price, up to 80% of the Ethiopian population relies on traditional remedy as a primary source of fitness care [25]. In addition, western medicine has be rehabilitated into more listen observantly on preemptive events and people looking for curative practices still rely on native medication as the chief foundation for health care [19]. The pressure of traditional medicine is also seen in Ethiopian migrant populations.

Status of traditional medicine in Ethiopian

Ethiopia is the source and/or interior of multiplicity for numerous of these plant species. The diverse writing obtainable give you an idea about the considerable function of medical in most important physical care independence. In Ethiopia someplace 70% of individual and 90% of domestic animals inhabitants depend on customary medicine alike to many emergent country predominantly that of Sub-Saharan African countries [26]. The conservative physical condition care is ethnically deep rooted with oral and written pharmacopoeia [2,7]. The development and utilize of enthusiasm, herb, therapeutic and additional crucial oil manner flora is not new to Ethiopia. It is as elderly as the harvest themselves, and its times gone by can be traced backside to the time in power [2].

Akaki District, East Shewa Zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia studied result indicated that Sixty four plant species belonging to 60 genera and 35 families were collected and identified. Overall, 48 and 16 species were recorded for the treatment of human and livestock ailments respectively. The most frequently used plant parts for human and livestock ailments were leaves and roots respectively [27].

Thousands recognized medical plant class are report in the Ethiopian plants, on the other hand, a lot of others are not up till now recognized. With reference to 300 of these species are commonly mentioned in numerous sources [28]. Gatent Chekole studied 175 different medicinal plants and their properties of remediation in Libo kiemkem Districts, South Gondar Zone administrative of Amahra Regional state of Ethiopia [29]. The authors also reported, along with these, 163 species are medicinal plants belongs to 145 genera and 67 families. This indicated, a lot of medicinal plant found in the stated zone of Ethiopia. Eskedar Abebe also reported 126 plant species, representing 114 genera and 57 families, and 122 of them were maintain to be conventional medicinal plants from Debark districts, North Gondar of Amahra Region state of Ethiopia, [30] also found 49 medicinal plant species belong to 31 families and 46 genera use to extravagant different human ailment in Ghimbi District, West Wollega Zone, Oromia National Regional State, of Ethiopia.

The better attentiveness of medical plants is institute in the south and south western Ethiopian part of the motherland following the awareness of natal and enlightening multiplicity [23,31]. The combination of certification from a variety of proceedings of therapeutic plants from central, north and North-western part of Ethiopia are consequently small portion of medicinal plants in attendance in Ethiopia [29]. A number of cram on the Bale Mountains National Park in the South East Ethiopia discovered that the neighborhood, to a great amount as it is a biodiversity hotspot, also twisted way to be a medicinal plant hotspot with 337 recognized medical species of which 24 are endemic [20]. The species comprise of 283 used as human being medicine, 47 used as domestic animals drug and 76 species used for in cooperation human and domestic animals by the group of people healers, harvesters, traders, and user [11].

Most of the ethnoveterinary medicinal plants were shrubs followed by herbs, while climbers were the least in medicinal plant composition [27]. Most of shrubs like Calpurnia aurea, Carissa spinarum, Dodonaea angustifolia, Gossypium barbadense, Osyris quadripartita and Rhus retinorrhoea; herbs like Aloe pubescens, Foeniculum vulgare, Linum usitatissimum, Nicotiana tabacum and Verbascum sinaiticum; trees like Acacia albida, Bersama abyssinica and Ficus vasta, climber species like Cucumis ficifolius and Stephania abyssinica were used for the treatment of only livestock ailments in the study area. This finding agrees with the result of Ethnoveterinary study in other part of Ethiopia [21,27,32].

Integration of indigenous knowledge with medicinal plants

Indigenous knowledge: This information is engendered and put out by community, more than time, in an exertion to muddle through with their own agro ecological and socio economic environment [33]. It is generate through a methodical process of observe experimentation with explanation and readapting until that time recognized solution to customized ecological, socioeconomic and technological situations [24,34].

Scientists at the present time be familiar with that indigenous inhabitants have deal with the environment in which they encompass live for generation, often without considerably harmful local ecologies [35]. Common feel that native information can thus give a distinguished organization inauguration which substitution demeanor of association belongings can be urbanized.

Indigenous acquaintance information and be on identifiable stipulations with how have an far above the position superiority thing over education in that they rely on in the neighborhood easily reached skillfulness and paraphernalia and are thus over and over another time accompanying cost triumphant than establish in administrative center commencement in a unfamiliar country technology from outside sources [36]. Intercontinental Institute of Rural Reconstruction uncomfortable populace are identifiable with indigenous in progression technique and so do not have possibly will do with of either scrupulous homework. The following are a magnitude of the facial expression of native knowledge, which encompass significance to defences and sustainable augmentation:

Neighborhood correct: Indigenous information be a symbol of an approach of existence that has progress with the restricted background, so it is in particular made to order to the necessities of local state of affairs [20,36].

Self-control in reserve management: Manufacture is for continuation requirements no more than; simply what is wanted for instant survival is taken from the surroundings.

Broaden your horizons production systems: There is no overexploitation of a single resource; risk is often increase out by utilizing a number of subsistence strategies [20].

Respect for nature: A defense ethic' often exists. The land is measured sacred, humans are dependent on nature for continued existence, and all class are interconnected [6].

Supple: Native sympathetic is intelligent to become accustomed to new circumstances and have as feature outer shell knowledge.

Social responsibility: There are physically powerful relations and group of people fasten, and with them feelings of responsibility and accountability to conserve the terra firma for future generation [4].

In view of the verity that the term ‘indigenous knowledge’ has emerged in the reporting, it has been second-hand broadly but impetuously by native and other academic. Looked at the stipulations second-hand by academic seriously and found that the expression indigenous knowledge is by no resources clear [37]. In their observations ‘concept of home-produced environmental realization in systematic expansion studies’, they treacherously examination the an assortment of terminologies, definition, and concept from putting in position to closing stages their environmental, confined international, and an assortment of historical and corrective civilization. The knowledge is diversely labeled indigenous knowledge, original technological acquaintance, ethno-ecology, confined knowledge, folk associate, traditional knowledge, traditional environmental knowledge, community knowledge, and ethno-science, in the midst of supplementary; depend on the move toward follow and the assumptions made about it [37].

Traditional medicinal plant property

A medicinal plant is a plant that at least one of its parts contains substances that can be used for therapeutic purposes [38]. On the other hand, traditional medicine is the sum total of all indigenous facts and practice second-hand in judgment, anticipation and taking away of physical condition tribulations and relying completely on practical understanding and examination hand down from production to production in words and in writing [39].

Wild edible floras are supplementary part that can be secondhand for foodstuff if gather at the suitable stage of growth, and as it should be prepared. Fit for human consumption wild plants could be weeds increasing in metropolitan area to inhabitant flora on the increase in bottomless rough country [32]. Park land agroforestry is a system where farm crops are mixed with trees to supply fodder, fuel, leaf litter, fruit, timber, different medicinal herbs using for human and livestock, etc. the farmers have only grown a not single crop on one field [32].

In tropical ecosystems, wild fruit-bearing species play multiple roles in ecosystem biodiversity conservation and improvement of rural populations’ food situation and income through sales and consumption of fruits. Among these species, we can cite Ziziphus mauritiana, Balanites aegyptica, Tamarindus indica, Adansonia digitata and Ximenia americana. Furthermore, wild fruit trees are used in traditional medicine and also as a source of wood [40].

Major vital role of medicinal plants

Socio-economic significances: B. papyrifera is a very important tree both at local, regional, national and international levels [24,26]. The species is utilized locally for its various uses which, among others, include: fence, construction and/or household furniture, firewood, livestock feed, bee fodder, medicine (its bark is chewed against stomach disturbances and its incense as insecticide especially for mosquito as a trap), shading purposes, and as light source (as candle). Traditionally, the resins are chewed by lowlanders to prevent or quench thirst and as gum for fixing/binding broken material [24,41,42] (Table 1).

Table 1: List of medicinal plant species used treatment diseased in Ethiopian.

Use to treat disease of unambiguous foundation but not comprehensive causative manager. These plant are not prompt somewhere on earth consistently and it is geographic and agro ecologic contingent [7].

One must conventional and be pleased about the assessment of therapeutic vegetation. It employs, type, which medical plant and to be concerned which type of infection.

It also tries to clarify the value of altitude of learner and the population toward medicinal plants and survives way for additional meticulous [11].

Discussion and Conclusion

This review showed the remedial possible of many traditional medicinal plants that can be used by local community of Ethiopia. The wide-ranging knowledge on the traditional medicinal plants in Ethiopia garlanded their probable for enormous chance access to modern healthcare facilities could be considered as the main factors for the continuation of the traditional practice. Ethiopian; In spite of the diverse ecological and agro ecology zones have the chance of actuality medicinal plant growth. Those medicinal plants are still in performance significant function in the executive of different human and livestock disease treatments.

Plant variety residue essential for human well-being in providing an important numeral of habitual and existing remedy required in healthcare. Native population in Ethiopia great engaged plant support customary tablets to get cured from different ailments. Nearly 80% of the Ethiopian inhabitant on plants to prevent and cure various health problems. There are nearby preferable management by traditional healers for some diseases treated. Herbs represent the chief cause of traditional remedies follow by shrubs and tree species. Medicinal plants originate to be the most frequently used plant parts followed by roots for preparation of human and livestock remedies. Traditional medicine preparation mostly involved single plant and mainly by crushing the part used.

Acknowledgment

We thank for sharing information Mr. Berhanu Debela head of department of forestry, Mr. Yibltal Tigabu, Dr. Abay Banthun, Debre Tabor University staff their knowledge of medicinal plants for their support during review.

REFERENCES

1. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. Annual report of the status of the national economy. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: MoFED. 2011.
2. Abiyu E, Zemede A, Ensermu K, Raja N. Ethnobotanical study of traditional medicinal plants in and around Fiche District, Central Ethiopia, Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences. 2014;6:154-167.
3. Dery BB, Ofsynia R, Ngatigwa C. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal trees and setting priorities for their domestication. Nairobi, Kenya. World Agroforestry Centre. 1999.
4. Dewalt BR. Using indigenous knowledge to improve agriculture and natural resource management. Human Organization 1994;53:123-131.
5. Martin GJ. Ethnobotany: A method Manual. Chapman and Hall, London, UK. 1995;265-227
6. Dirwai C, Gwimbi P. Research methods in geography and environmental studies, Zimbabwe Open University, Harare. 2003.
7. Samar R, Shrivastava PN, Jain M. Ethnobotanical study of traditional medicinal plants used by Tribe of Guna District, Madhya Pradesh, India. 2015;4:466-471.
8. Yayesh L, Shemsu U, Wolde-Mariam M. Ethnobotanical study on traditional medicinal plants in Dega Damot Woreda, Amhara Region, North Ethiopia. 2015;5:258-273.
9. Mekonen Abebe. Ethnobatanical study of traditional medicinal plants of Gololcha district, Bale zone of oromia regional state. M.Sc. Thesis, Haramaya Univarsity. 2013.
10. Tesema T, Miruts G, Negesu A, Teshome H. Medicinal plant Biodiversity, National biodiversity Strategy and Action plan Project (UN published). Institute of Biodiversity conservation and research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 2003.
11. Ermias L, Ensermu K, Tamrat B, Haile Y. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in ManaAngetuWereda, southeastern Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnobiology Ethnomedicine 2008;4:1-10.
12. Jansen PC. Spices Condiments and medicinal plants in Ethiopia: Their taxonomic and agricultural significance. Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation. Wageningen, The Netherlands. 1981;327.
13. Tesema T, Mirutse G, Negesu A. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action plan (BSAP) project: Resource Base of medicinal plants of Ethiopia. Institute of Biodiversity and Conservation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 2002.
14. Awoyemi OK, Ewa EE, Abdulkarim IA, Aduloju A. Ethnobotanical assessment of herbal plants in South-western Nigeria. Academic research international. 2012;2:50-57.
15. Wright CW. Plant derived anti-malarial agents: New leads and challenges. Phytochemistry. 2005;4:55-61.
16. Mesfin T, Debella H, Yehenew G. Survey of medicinal plants used to treat human diseases in Sekacherkosa, Jimma zone, Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health. 2005;15:89-106.
17. Mekonnen B. Attitudes modern and traditional medicinal practitioners towards Cooperation. Ethiopian Medical Journal 1990;28:63-72.
18. Huffman MA. Wrangham RW. Diversity of medicinal plant use by chimpanzees in the wild. In: Chimpanzee Cultures, Wrangham RW, McGrew WC, De Waal B M and Poul GH (Edn). Harvard University, 1994;129-149
19. Pankhurst R. An introduction to the medical history of Ethiopia. New Jersey, USA: The Red Sea Press, Inc. 1927.
20. Bekele E. Study on actual situation of medicinal plants in Ethiopia. Prepared for Japan Association for international Collaboration of Agriculture and Forestry, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 2007.
21. Dawit A. Plants as primary source of drugs in the traditional health care practices of Ethiopia. Plant genetic resource of Ethiopia. 2001;6:101-113
22. Dery BB, Ofsynia R, Ngatigwa C. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal trees and setting priorities for their domestication. Nairobi, Kenya. 1999.
23. Farnsworth NR. Ethnopharmacology and drug development. In: Ethnobiology and the Search for New Drugs, Wiley chichester, Ciba Foundation (Edn). Chicago, USA. 1994; 42-59.
24. Worku M, Bantihun A. Review the significant of non-timber forest product and Boswellia papyrifera Species in Ethiopia. J Ecosyst Ecogr. 2018;8:248.
25. Kassaye KD, Amberbir A, Getachew B, Mussema Y. A historical overview of traditional medicine practices and policy in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development. 2006;20:127-134.
26. Bishaw M. Promoting traditional medicine in Ethiopia brief historical review of government policy. Social Science and Medicine. 1991;33:193-200.
27. Kebede T, Tamene B, Dereje D. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Akaki district, East Shewa Zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 2017;5:353-360
28. Eskedar A. Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants used local communities in Debark Wereda, North Gondar Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Msc Thiess . 2011.
29. Gatent C, Zemede A, Ensermu K. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in the environs of Tara-gedam and Amba remnant forests of Libo Kemkem District, northwest Ethiopia Journal of Ethno biology and Ethnomedicine. 2015;11:4.
30. Abera B. Medicinal plants used in traditional medicine by Oromo people, Ghimbi District, Southwest Ethiopia Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2014;10:40.
31. Edwards S. The ecology and conservation status of medicinal plants on Ethiopia. What do we know? In: medhin Zewdu and Abebe Demissie (Edn.) Conservation and Sustainable use of medicinal plants in Ethiopia, Proceedings of National Workshop on Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable use of medicinal plants in Ethiopia, Instsitute of Biodiversity Conservation and Research, Addis Ababa. 2001; 46-55.
32. Hinnawi NSA. An ethnobotanical study of wild edible plants in the Northern West Bank Palestine. An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine. M.Sc. Thesis. 2010.
33. Fernandez ME. Gender and indigenous knowledge. Indigenous Knowledge & Development Monitor. 1994;2:6-7.
34. Brouwers J. Rural people’s response to soil fertility decline: The Adja case (Benin), Wageningen Agricultural University Papers 1993;93-94.
35. Emery AR. The participation of indigenous peoples and their knowledge in environmental assessment and development planning (draft). Centre for Traditional Knowledge: Ottawa, Canada, 1996.
36. Worku M. The role of forest biodiversity conservation practices for tourism development in a case of Tara Gedam Monastery, South Gondar Zone, Ethiopia. Journal Ecosystem Geography 2017;7:231.
37. Ellen R, Harris H. Concepts of indigenous environmental knowledge in scientific and development studies literature - A critical assessment. East-West Environmental Linkages Network Workshop 3, Canterbury. 1996.
38. Sofowora A. Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa. University of Iife, Nigeria, 1982.
39. WHO. Planning for cost effective traditional health services in the new century discussion paper. WHO. Traditional Medicine. Fact sheet No 134. 2003.
40. Melese W. Woody Species Diversity of Parkland Agroforestry in Ethiopia. Global Journal Technology Optimization. 2017;8:218.
41. Gebrehiwot K, Muys B, Haile M, Mitloehner R. Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst: A tropical key species in northern Ethiopia. In conference on International Agricultural Research for Development. Deutscher Tropentag, Kassel-Witzenhausen. 2002.
42. Gebremedhin T. Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst from western Tigray: Opportunities, constraints and seed germination responses. AGRIS.