Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta

Abstract

Effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on Human Pregnancy and Postpartum

Antoine Malek

During the early months of pregnancy, cocaine exposure may increase the risk of miscarriage. Later in pregnancy, cocaine use can cause placental abruption. Placental abruption can lead to severe bleeding, preterm birth, and fetal death. Women who use cocaine throughout their pregnancy have the risk of an increased chance of premature labor and birth defect. In addition babies may also have a smaller head and have their growth hindered. Babies who are exposed to cocaine later in pregnancy may be born dependent and suffer from withdrawal symptoms such as tremors, sleeplessness, muscle spasms, and feeding difficulties. The effects of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) have been examined in infants and young children across multiple developmental domains (e.g., growth, intelligence, language, motor, attention, and neurophysiology). Studies revealed that in most domains, the neurobiological effects of PCE play a subtle role, with effects no greater than other known teratogens or environmental factors. Associations between PCE and negative developmental outcomes were typically attenuated when models included conditions that commonly co-occur with PCE (eg. tobacco or alcohol exposure, malnutrition, poor quality of care). Some investigations suggest that learning difficulties may result as the child gets older. Defects of the genitals, kidneys, and brain are also possible. The aim of this review is to provide information regarding the prenatal exposure and the associated impact on placental function and pregnancy outcomes.